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Speakers

SPEAKERS 2018

Yale Impact Investing Conference

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Adam Wolfensohn

Adam Wolfensohn is a Co-Managing Partner at Encourage Capital. Prior to Encourage, Adam was Managing Director at Wolfensohn Fund Management and also managed the Wolfensohn family office’s cleantech and environmental markets strategies. From 2003 to 2006, he produced the climate change documentary, “Everything’s Cool,” that debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007. From 2002 to 2003, he worked with Conservation International to help various rock groups and music festivals offset their carbon emissions through avoided deforestation projects. Prior to 2002, Adam composed music for numerous films, television commercials and theater productions, and he was founder and CEO of “Red Ramona,” an award winning music and sound design studio in New York City. He is a Trustee of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Yad Hanadiv, Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, the Harmony Institute and Bang on a Can. He is a member of the investment committee of Rockefeller Brothers Fund and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Adam earned a B.A. from Princeton University and an M.E.M. from the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.

Andrea Armeni is the Co-Founder and Executive Director of Transform Finance. He brings to Transform Finance a combination of expertise in corporate law and finance, social justice work, and nonprofit management. A lawyer by training, Andrea was previously the Executive Director of the Gaia Amazon Fund, an organization advocating for the rights of the indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest and for its environmental protection. His direct experience with the impact of outsider-led projects on Amazon communities led him to rethink the priorities of investments and social entrepreneurship through a community-focused lens. Andrea was a longtime correspondent for Emerging Markets magazine, with a focus on Latin America. He has taught sustainable development at Université Paris-Dauphine (France) and was a lecturer at the Yale Law School on the connections between law, power, and democracy.
Andrea is a member of the Clinton Global Initiative and the BMW Responsible Leaders Network. He is a graduate of Columbia University, the Yale Law School, and the United World College of the Atlantic.

Andrea Levere has led Prosperity Now (formerly CFED) as its president since 2004. Prosperity Now's mission is to ensure everyone in our country has a clear path to financial stability, wealth and prosperity.

Prosperity Now designs and operates major national initiatives that aim to expand matched savings for children and youth, integrate financial capability services into systems serving low-income people, bring self-employed entrepreneurs into the financial mainstream and increase access to affordable housing. It operates a comprehensive public policy program to build and protect assets at the local, state and federal levels, and produces the nationally recognized Prosperity Now Scorecard. It convenes the Prosperity Now Community, a group of nearly 25,000 advocates, practitioners, community leaders and others who share our vision of putting prosperity within reach for all.

Under Ms. Levere's leadership, Prosperity Now launched the Campaign for Every Kid's Future in 2015. The Campaign will support the growth of the CSA field to ensure that at least 1.4 million children receive an account by 2020. For the past decade, Prosperity Now has led I'M HOME: Innovations in Manufactured Homes, which promotes market transformation for the owners of manufactured homes through new production, community conversions, public policy and access to fair and affordable single family finance. Most recently, Prosperity Now launched the Racial Wealth Divide Initiative to help the organization address racial wealth inequality by building capacity for organizations of color, promoting policies that address the racial wealth gap and integrating a racial equity lens into all of Prosperity Now's programs.

In 2016, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System appointed Ms. Levere to its Community Advisory Council. She also serves as the Chair of ROC USA (Resident Owned Communities USA), a national social venture that converts manufactured home parks into resident owned cooperatives. She is a member of the FDIC's Committee on Economic Inclusion and Morgan Stanley's Community Development Advisory Board. In 2013, President Obama appointed Ms. Levere to the National Cooperative Bank's (NCB) Board of Directors to represent the interests of low-income consumers. Ms. Levere served as chair of the board of the Ms. Foundation for Women from 2002-2005, after being on its board since 1998.

Ms. Levere holds a Bachelor's degree from Brown University and an MBA from Yale University. In 2001, she received the Alumni Recognition Award from the Yale School of Management and in 2008 was named to the inaugural class of its Donaldson Fellows Program, which recognizes alumni who help educate leaders in business and society.

Andrew Siwo is an Investment Director and Head of Mission Related Investments at Colonial Consulting, an investment advisory firm to foundations and endowments.
Prior to joining Colonial Consulting, Siwo was a manager at the Global Impact Investing Networking (GIIN). In his capacity there, he was responsible for the operation, sourcing, and development of ImpactBase, the largest platform of impact investment funds worldwide, which he grew by $10 bn and approved more than 100 new impact funds/products targeting a financial and social/environmental return. He also educated and fostered institutional investors seeking exposure to socially/environmentally responsible investment portfolios.
Prior to joining the GIIN, Andrew spent five years in the investment banking division at JP Morgan--most recently in the Global Special Opportunities Group, a $3 billion proprietary portfolio of principal investments in private equity, debt, mezzanine, infrastructure, and real estate. He also held roles on the Rates Desk executing fixed income financing transactions as well as the Securitized Products Group valuing collateralized mortgage obligations.
Before JP Morgan, Andrew was a member of the Corporate Finance and Real Estate Strategy Group at Victoria's Secret leading project finance initiatives. He began his career at E*Trade Financial managing a team of investment representatives serving active traders and high net-worth, self-directed investors. Andrew completed an MPA in Finance and Fiscal Policy from Cornell University and BA in Accounting from Morehouse College. He has held FINRA Series 7, 63, and 24 licenses.

Anna Auerbach is the Co-Founder and Co-CEO of Werk, a startup championing flexibility as the future of work. Anna started her career at Mckinsey & Co after graduating from Brandeis University with a double major in Economics and Psychology. At McKinsey, she spent her time in the Organizations practice and worked across Media, Telecomm, and Professional Services. After McKinsey, Anna worked at the American Museum of Natural History in business development, before attending Harvard Business School. After graduation, Ann joined The Bridgespan Group, consulting to major nonprofits and foundations. In quite a turn of events, Anna moved to Las Vegas with her husband and then 4-month-old son, where she led a community building and advising firm, The Moonridge Group, as COO. While there, she launched her first tech product, a Board Matchmaker, connecting company leaders and newcomers with open board seats.

Anna launched her current endeavor, Werk, in 2016. Werk enables the mass customization of the work day through their proprietary flex taxonomy, the Flexiverse. The Flexiverse standardizes flexibility for the first time and powers Werk’s suite of flexibility solutions: their enterprise flexibility assessment tool, enterprise e-learning certification program, and job board with pre-negotiated flexibility. Flexibility is a top need for everyone, but can disproportionately help women stay in the workforce and reach the C suite. Werk has raised $4M to date, and has been featured across a variety of media including CNBC, Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Fast Company, Glamour, and more.

Anna learned her first lesson in entrepreneurship when she moved to the U.S. as a refugee at age 6, knowing just one word of English. Anna is a strategic thinker who loves a good data analysis session. She lives in New York City with her husband, Phillip, and their son, Asher.

Antony Bugg-Levine

Antony oversees more than $340 million of investment capital and a national consulting practice, and works with a range of philanthropic, private sector, and government partners to develop and implement innovative approaches to financing social change. A frequent speaker and commentator on the evolution of the social sector and global impact investing, he is the co-author of Impact Investing: Transforming How We Make Money While Making a Difference (Wiley, 2011).

Prior to joining NFF in 2011, Antony designed and led the Rockefeller Foundation's Impact Investing initiative and oversaw its Program Related Investments portfolio. He is the founding board chair of the Global Impact Investing Network and convened the 2007 meeting that coined the phrase “impact investing.” Previously, he was the country director for Kenya and Uganda for TechnoServe, an NGO that develops and implements business solutions to rural poverty. As a consultant with McKinsey, he advised Fortune 100 financial services and healthcare clients and helped develop frameworks for incorporating social dynamics into corporate strategy. He earlier served as the acting Communications Director of the South African Human Rights Commission and speechwriter for the African National Congress.

Antony holds a Bachelor of Arts from Yale University and a Master of Public Affairs in economic development from Princeton University. He is an associate adjunct professor in the Social Enterprise Program at Columbia Business School and a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum.

Ariane de Vienne

Ms. Ariane de Vienne is Head of ISS-oekom Americas; as business unit head she is responsible for the firm’s growth in the Americas. She has longstanding experience and a deep network in the investment world, in the United States, Europe and Asia. Prior to joining ISS-oekom, formerly oekom research AG in 2016. She is responsible for managing operations in the United States, and to drive business development, sales and client relations and account management in North America. She has longstanding experience and a deep network in the investment world, in the United States, Europe and Asia. Prior to this, Ms. De Vienne served as a Managing Director at financial services and research firm Cornerstone Capital, charged with building the firm's ESG-integrated investment advisory business. Prior to that, she served as Managing Director at Guggenheim Investment Advisors LLC. She served as a Senior Vice President and Director of Private Client Marketing at David J. Greene and Company, LLC and joined it in 2005. Prior to this, Ms. De Vienne served as a Managing Director at JPMorgan Chase and Vice President at UBS. She was also a Partner at KMH Konzept Management GmbH, Hamburg and Vice President at Westdeutsche Landesbank. Ms. De Vienne holds a B.B.A. from the University of Hamburg. She has done postgraduate coursework at the University of Virginia Darden Graduate School of Business Administration.

Arrun Kapoor is the Managing Director for SJF Ventures’ New York City office. He has been involved as a Board Director or Observer to Voxy, Portfolium, Civitas Learning, Raise, Think Through Learning, FieldView Solutions, ServiceChannel, Truist, and Ayla Networks. He leads the NYC EdLinks program, is a member of the Investment Board of the Social Venture Fund for The Tamer Center for Social Enterprise at Columbia Business School, and is on the Advisory Board for the University of Texas System, Institute for Transformational Learning. Arrun was most recently with Bain & Company in London and Delhi, where he launched the firm’s internal green practice initiatives. He worked with Bain’s private equity consulting practice and gained experience in a range of industries. Prior to Bain, he was an early employee and Manager with Eurasia Group, a successful political risk consulting business in New York and London. He holds a Master’s in International Political Economics from the London School of Economics and completed a BA from New York University with an economics and business focus.

Brad Gentry is the Senior Associate Dean for Professional Practice at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, a Professor in the Practice at the Yale School of Management and a Director of the Yale Center for Business and the Environment. Trained as a biologist and a lawyer, his work focuses on strengthening the links between private investment and improved environmental performance. He has worked on land, water, energy, industrial and other projects in over 40 countries for private (GE, Suez Environnement, Working Lands Investment Partners), public (UNDP, World Bank, Secretariat for the Climate Change Convention) and not-for-profit (Land Trust Alliance, The Trust for Public Land, the Elmina B. Sewall Foundation) organizations. He holds a BA from Swarthmore College and a JD from Harvard Law School.

Cary Krosinsky is a Lecturer in the Practice of Management at the Yale School of Management and a Lecturer and Faculty Adviser for Yale College on Energy Studies, Climate and Investing. He has previously taught Yale College Seminars on Business, Innovation and Sustainability.

He also teaches the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Investing at Brown University, helping support the Sustainable Investment Fund within the Brown Endowment, and has been an MBA Lecturer at Concordia and Maryland and helped lead and design the RFK Sustainable Investing program at Columbia's Earth Institute.

Cary is the author of Sustainable Investing: Revolutions in Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2017), a look at the present and future of investing where financial success requires a sustainability focus, and at the same time, desired outcomes require a business case, following two previous books with Nick Robins among other leading contributors.

He is also Senior Advisor to BlueSky Investment Management, Principal at NPV Associates, Co-founder and Director of Real Impact Tracker and the Carbon Tracker Initiative, and Editor of the Journal of Environmental Investing, now in its 8th year
He also co-created Systems Finance at Yale in 2016, led a Working Group in 2015 for the Principles for Responsible Investment developing its Climate Change Asset Owner Strategy framework and advised to the UNEP Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System authoring papers that include The Value of Everything among other papers following earlier careers in environmental and institutional investment analytics and technology.

Clara Miller is President Emerita of the Heron Foundation, which helps people and communities help themselves out of poverty. She was President of Heron from 2011 through 2017. Prior to assuming Heron’s presidency, Clara founded and was President and CEO of Nonprofit Finance Fund from 1984 through 2010. She serves on the boards of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), Family Independence Initiative, and StoneCastle Financial Corp. She is a board member of the U.S. Impact Investing Alliance and is a Bridgespan Fellow. In 2017 she was named Social Innovator of the Year by the University of New Hampshire, was among the Nonprofit Times "Power and Influence Top 50" from 2006-2010, and 2016-2017. Inside Philanthropy named her in the 50 Most Powerful Women in U.S. Philanthropy, 2016-2017.

In 1996, Clara was appointed by President Clinton to the U.S. Treasury’s first Community Development Advisory Board for the then-newly-created Community Development Financial Institutions Fund. She later became its Chair. She chaired the Opportunity Finance Network board for six years and was a member of the Community Advisory Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for eight years. She was a member of the inaugural Advisory Committee on Nonprofit Organizations at the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Clara speaks and writes extensively and has been published in The Financial Times, Medium, The Atlantic Blog, Stanford Social Innovation Review, The Nonprofit Quarterly and The Chronicle of Philanthropy. She has spoken recently at Aspen Ideas Festival, Sciences Po, Oxford Saïd Business School, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Bloomberg L.P., SOCAP, and Mission Investors Exchange.

Dan Pullman is a Managing Partner of Fresh Source Capital (www.freshsourcecapital.com), a clean food system investment fund based in Cambridge, MA. Fresh Source Capital invests in companies at the forefront of building resilient food systems that improve climate, environment, and public health outcomes. Previously, Dan spent 25 years in investment banking and public/private operating companies. Currently, Dan also serves on the board of directors of Civil Eats, Food and Environment Reporting Network, Yale Sustainable Food Program, and Glynwood.

Daniel Goldfarb

Daniel Goldfarb is the Co-Founder and CEO of Lendable. Prior to founding Lendable, Daniel was partner at Greenstart, a seed stage venture capital firm in San Francisco, where his investment focus was on the intersection of data, finance, and energy. Before Greenstart, he was the program director at Americans for Energy Leadership, where he led market analysis and research on solar energy for the developing world.

Daniel wakes up every day excited to steer the international finance machine towards doing good.

Dave Chen is a Principal and Chairman of Equilibrium. Dave leads the firm’s strategy and product development process. His primary duty is to insure the growth of the firm and team while continuing our culture and shared values. He serves on Equilibrium’s Board of Directors.
Dave’s passion and commitment to sustainability is a result of his work in venture capital, regional economic development and climate change policy. In 2007, Dave saw sustainability trends that are re-shaping major commodity sectors, creating an economic value shift and an opportunity for market advantage. He formed Equilibrium to be a global leader in sustainability-driven asset management for institutional investors that delivered both sustainable alpha and intentional positive impact on our community and environment.
Previously, Dave was a general partner at OVP Venture Partners (2000-2007). His investments at OVP include @once (acquired by InfoUSA), Ambric, Intelligent Results (acquired by First Data), Net6 (acquired by Citrix), Tzero and UXComm. He served on the board of @mobile prior to its acquisition by Software.com. Dave served on the board of HNC Software until it was merged with FICO in 2002 (NASDAQ:HNCS, now NYSE:FIC). Prior to OVP, Dave founded GeoTrust (acquired by VeriSign 2006) and The Ascent Group; was Vice President Marketing Mentor Graphics; was an associate at McKinsey & Company; and was an early team member at Solectron (1978-1985).

Dave Kirkpatrick

Dave Kirkpatrick is a Managing Director and co-founder of SJF Ventures, which focuses on high growth, positive impact ventures. Dave helped lead SJF’s capitalization of four funds totaling $260 million starting in 1999. Dave’s portfolio engagements include TransLoc, EnTouch Controls, Community Energy, Living Earth, and ED MAP, as well as exited companies NEXTracker, groSolar, CleanScapes, B.B Hobbs, and Foxfire. Dave’s particular industry focus areas include solar energy, energy efficiency, recycling & reuse, and mobility.
Prior to SJF, Dave founded and managed two other successful enterprises – KirkWorks, a cleantech investment research firm; and SunShares, a solar energy and recycling company. Dave was named the 2005 CDVC Practitioner of the Year by the Community Development Venture Capital Alliance and Recycler of the Year in 1996 by the National Recycling Coalition. Dave co-founded the SJF Institute in 2001, which merged with Investors’ Circle, a twenty-year-old impact investment angel network, in 2011.
Dave earned a BA in Physics and History from Duke University in 1982 and an MBA from UNC Kenan Flagler Business School (KFBS) in 1991. He was named KFBS Executive MBA Alumnus of the Year in 2010. He enjoys gardening, kayaking and trying to learn Spanish.

David Stevens is the Director of Strategic Development at the World Policy Institute where his responsibilities include strategic planning and program development. He is also the founding Director of the Institute’s Program for African Thought – a program dedicated to raising the profile of African expertise in the global policy debate. An active Fellow at the Institute, he regularly gives talks on African affairs and politics at institutions such as Bard College, Harvard Business School, NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, and SUNY Purchase. David also serves as the co-host of [Jargon Redacted] a monthly talk series on foreign affairs for young professionals.

Debra Schwartz is the Managing Director of Impact Investments and serves on the Executive Leadership Team at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, which has dedicated $500 million of its assets to impact investing. Debra’s group serves as a Foundation-wide resource, and engages deeply with selected teams to help develop strategy and devise impact investments that advance key goals. A former investment banker, Debra also leads the creation of new impact investment products and platforms that foster easier, more efficient, and more productive connections among multiple impact investors and social sector organizations.
She joined MacArthur in 1995, having worked at a Chicago-based child welfare agency. A frequent speaker and guest lecturer, Debra has also served on the United States Treasury Department Community Development Advisory Board and the founding board for the Mission Investors Exchange.
She earned a Master's degree from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and a Bachelor's degree from Yale College, summa cum laude.

Don Burton has had an interesting career at the cutting edge of education innovation and technology -- primarily launching, scaling, and exiting companies. As a strategic advisor, Don worked with McKinsey & Co. consulting on strategies to launch interactive media business units and how to create open innovation internally; and with Goldman Sachs advising on exits and acquisitions. As an intrapreneur, he has built education startups within large companies such as Walt Disney Company and Kaplan. As an entrepreneur, he has built multiple edtech startups on his own as a founder with a major exit to Kaplan/Washington Post.

He most recently has been a successful edtech investor with a portfolio of more than 30 startups via the seed stage investment platform called Learning Edge, which builds upon his work with Techstars and as an angel investor. Don has run Startup Accelerator programs and has graduated three cohorts which have raised more than $100M in financing and have an estimated market cap of $400M. Don graduated from Harvard Business School and Duke University.

Douglas Lawrence

Douglas Lawrence is Managing Principal and founder of 5 Stone Green Capital and has more than 27 years of distinguished real estate industry experience.

Doug is a frequent speaker on ESG as a key component to enhancing business performance. His particular focus is upon marrying green technology to commercial real estate to reduce its risk and increase its return.
Prior to forming 5 Stone Green Capital, Doug was the Co-Portfolio Manager of the green real estate Urban Renaissance Property Fund for JPMorgan Asset Management’s Real Estate platform.

While at JPMAM he was also a key member of the real estate marketing team serving as a trusted fiduciary to many large pension plans.

Over the course of his career, he managed a large portfolio of industrial, office, multi-family and retail assets totaling millions of square feet and valued in excess of $1 billion while at JPMorgan.

His strength as a senior asset manager garnered 9 international and national awards from BOMA, IREM and NAIOP best operating assets in the markets he managed.

Prior to JPMorgan he served as a senior asset manager for TIAA-CREF’s real estate investment group; he also worked in the public sector as the Asset Manager for the City of Hartford. Earlier in his career, he was a residential developer in the U.S. Southwest.

Doug earned his BA from Yale University and received his MBA from the University of Connecticut in International Business Finance.

Doug currently serves as Vice President of the National Association of Securities Professionals-NY, and sits on the Investment Committee of the University of Connecticut Foundation. Additionally, he sits on the Advisory Board of Rutgers Business School and the Global Board of Directors of the UK-based Climate Group. Doug holds or has held NASD Series 7 and 63 licenses.

Eric Braverman is the chief executive of Schmidt Futures, a venture
facility for public benefit founded by former Alphabet chairman/CEO
Eric Schmidt. Schmidt Futures works to advance technology through
society, secure breakthroughs in scientific knowledge, and promote
shared prosperity. The initiative announced its first major program in
2017, a $100 million commitment to interdisciplinary science, through
the launch of the Schmidt Science Fellows program in partnership with
the Rhodes Trust. Prior to creating Schmidt Futures, Eric served as
President of the Eric & Wendy Schmidt Group, where he led the Schmidt
family office and CEO of the Clinton Foundation. Named by Fortune
magazine in 2010 as one of the “40 Most
Influential Leaders in Business” worldwide under 40 years old, Braverman
also served as a partner at McKinsey & Company where he advised
clients from 1997 to 2013 and co-founded the firm’s public sector
practice. Braverman is a Senior Fellow at the Jackson Institute for
Global Affairs at Yale, where he teaches on issues of ethics and
innovation in government and society, and serves on a number of boards.

Flynn Coleman is the founding Grunin Fellow at the Grunin Center for Law and Social Entrepreneurship at New York University School of Law. She is an international attorney, a social entrepreneur, an educator, an author, a public speaker, an ethical fashion designer, a former competitive athlete, and a founder and CEO. She has spoken, written, and taught on issues of international human rights, international trade law, war crimes, truth commissions, political reconciliation, behavioral economics, technology and artificial intelligence, innovations in legal education and the legal industry, social impact and social enterprise, and improving access to justice and economic development through innovation.

Flynn speaks five languages, and has worked with the United Nations, the United States federal government, and with international corporations, charitable organizations, and social enterprises around the world. She holds a BSFS from Georgetown University, a JD from UC Berkeley School of Law, and an LLM from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

George Serafeim

George Serafeim is the Jakurski Family Associate Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. He has taught courses in the MBA, executive education and doctoral programs, and is currently teaching the elective course “Reimagining Capitalism: Business and Big Problems” in the MBA curriculum. He has presented his research in over 60 countries around the world and is one of the most popular business authors, according to rankings of the Social Science Research Network.
Professor Serafeim's research focuses on measuring, driving and communicating corporate performance and social impact. His work is widely cited and has been published in the most prestigious academic and practitioner journals, such as The Accounting Review, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Journal of Finance, Journal of Accounting Research, Management Science, Review of Accounting Studies, MIT Sloan Management Review, and Harvard Business Review. His research has been recognized with numerous awards and is regularly cited in the media, including The New York Times, Bloomberg, Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, Economist, The Guardian, BBC, Le Monde, El País, Corriere della Sera, Washington Post, and NPR.
Professor Serafeim collaborates with organizations that aim to create both economic and social value. He has served in several not-for-profit organizations including the board of directors of the High Meadows Institute, the working group of the Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism, and the Standards Council of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. He has expertise in professional services firms as the co-founder of KKS Advisors and a thought leadership board member of Palladium. He serves on the steering committee of the Athens Stock Exchange with responsibilities on market design and strategy. Moreover, he has extensive experience in investment management industry serving on the advisory board of several asset management firms.

Professor Serafeim earned his doctorate in business administration at Harvard Business School, where his dissertation was recognized with the Wyss Award for Excellence in Doctoral Research. He received a master's degree in accounting and finance from the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he was awarded the Emeritus Professors' Prize for best academic performance. He grew up in Athens, Greece.

Hideki Suzuki is a senior corporate governance data analyst at Bloomberg.
After joining Bloomberg LP in 1999, he spent the first 5 years in electronic trading desk support and 3rd party fixed income and its derivatives pricing contents team. In 2005, Hideki moved to equity fundamentals data department then moved to ESG team in 2008. From 2014 on his focus has been to build database and analytics for corporate governance and executive compensation products on Bloomberg terminal.
He has a B.A in Economics and History from Fordham University.

Professor James Choi's research spans behavioral finance, behavioral economics, household finance, capital markets, health economics, and sociology. His work on default options has led to changes in 401(k) plan design at many U.S. corporations and has influenced pension legislation in the United States and abroad. In other papers, he has investigated topics such as the influence of racial, gender, and religious identity on economic preferences, investor ignorance of mutual fund fees, the effect of deadlines and peer information on savings choices, how retail investor sentiment in China affects stock returns, and the use of subtle planning prompts to increase vaccination rates.

Professor Choi is a recipient of the TIAA-CREF Paul A. Samuelson Award for outstanding scholarly writing on lifelong financial security. He is an Associate Director of the Retirement Research Center at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a member of the FINRA Investor Issues Committee, and a TIAA-CREF Institute Fellow.

Jenny Abramson is the Founder & Managing Partner of Rethink Impact—the largest US-based impact venture capital firm with a gender lens that invests in female leaders using technology to tackle major challenges in health, education, environmental sustainability, and economic empowerment. She is a proven executive and entrepreneur having held a range of leadership roles across the impact tech space–in education, personal data, and media. She has been covered in Forbes, on CNN, in The New York Times, and in The Washington Post, interviewed on Squawk Box, featured at the Code Conference, at the United Nations, and on Capitol Hill, and was named Top 40 Under 40, a DC Power Women in Tech and a DC Tech Titan.

Before leading in the venture space, Jenny served as CEO of LiveSafe, a mobile security company focused on preventing school shootings and sexual assaults. She also held significant business roles at The Washington Post, Personal (a data tech company), and The Boston Consulting Group. In the education and social sector, Jenny oversaw the Transformation Management Office for DC Public Schools Chancellor Rhee and served as the Director of Strategy & Development at Teach for America, and sits on four boards.

Jenny received a BA and MA from Stanford, graduating with honors and Phi Beta Kappa, and an MBA with honors and the Dean’s Award from Harvard Business School. She was also a Fulbright Scholar focusing on Human Genomics at The London School of Economics.

JoAnn Hanson is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the non-profit Church Investment Group (CIG) which works on behalf of Episcopal endowments. CIG enables Episcopal entities to realize the benefits of investing at scale and encourages the adoption of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) investing approaches. CIG works with Episcopal endowments to review their mission goals, spending policies and asset allocation, to consider adopting ethical investment policies and integrating ESG criteria into investments, and to institute proxy voting.
Prior to CIG, JoAnn was a founder of Avanti Investment Advisors, which managed over $1.2 billion for institutional investors. Earlier investment management roles included serving as a Managing Director of Lazard Freres & Co. and a Vice President of J.P. Morgan Investment Management, Inc.

She currently serves on the Real Estate Advisory Committee of the New York State Common Retirement Fund and the Advisory Board of the Alternative Investment Forum. She represents CIG as a member of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) and the United Nation’s Climate Change Support Team as part of the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA).

JoAnn has a BA from Yale University (summa cum laude) and an MBA in Finance from Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania.

John serves as the Managing Director and Head of Lumina Impact Ventures, the impact investing arm of Lumina Foundation. He sources, structures, underwrites and negotiates impact investments to support Lumina’s strategic priorities towards Goal 2025. John most recently served as program and portfolio officer at the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, managing a $100+ million mission-driven and program-related investments portfolio and making grants to further the field of impact investing. He previously held positions at J.P. Morgan and Co., Citigroup and Merrill Lynch as an investment banker in various roles including mergers and acquisitions advisory, credit risk analysis, equity research, capital structure optimization and corporate finance in both debt and equity products. He is the founder of Potencity, a social venture to match diverse talent to opportunities.

John earned his BA from Yale University and an Executive MBA from Kellogg School of Management. Born in Cambodia, John immigrated to the U.S. at a young age as a survivor of the Khmer Rouge concentration camp; he and his family were sponsored to the United States by the Catholic Sisters of St. Francis in Wisconsin where he grew up.

Joseph M. Kinard is Chair of the Presbyterian Church(USA) Committee on Mission Responsibility Through Investment (MRTI) which was created in 1971 to advance the church’s mission through the financial resources (approximately $10 billion dollars) entrusted to it. MRTI implements the PCUSA policies on socially responsible investing (also called Faith-Based Investing) by engaging corporations in which the church owns stock. Priorities for MRTI include: pursuit of peace; racial, social and economic justice; environmental responsibility and securing women’s rights.

Mr. Kinard, through his company The Kinard Group,LLC has helped companies in obtaining venture capital, mezzanine and angel financing representing both capital funds and their portfolio companies. During his tenure as Board Member of the Presbyterian Church (USA) Board of Pensions, Mr. Kinard served on the CEO Search, Investment, Board Development and Governance, Social Responsibility and Church Relations Committees.

Josh Cohen is the Managing Partner and cofounder of City Light Capital. He is also the Chief Investment Officer for Tyden Ventures, a single family office based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is currently on the Board of Directors for Koru, OhmConnect, Practice, and HeroX, a joint venture with the X Prize Foundation.
Josh cofounded The ImPact, a member network whose mission is to inspire families to make more impact investments more effectively. The ImPact is a membership organization comprised of investors who pledge to make impact investments, track their social impact and financial progress, and share that data with others who have made the Pact.
Prior to cofounding City Light Capital, Josh led direct investments for a family office in St. Louis, and worked with the SV Group, a private debt fund. Before becoming an investor, Josh was the Director of Business Development for Mobility Electronics (NASDAQ: IGOI). He began his career as an investment banker in the technology group of Deutsche Banc Alex Brown in San Francisco.
He is an advisor to several nonprofit organizations including the Joan Ganz Cooney Center and QuestBridge.

Josh graduated from the University of Michigan – and is an avid fan of Michigan sports teams. He is a frequent speaker on the topic of impact investing. He is a very proud husband and dad of two boys, Carson and Lincoln.

Lisa Green Hall

Lisa Hall, Senior Fellow at the Beeck Center at Georgetown University, has dedicated her 25-year career to economic justice, social impact and community development. Using the tools of impact investing and philanthropy, she has served in executive roles across multiple sectors in the United States and abroad. Her area of focus at the Beeck Center is the inclusive economy and how social innovation and access to opportunity can drive prosperity for all communities. Lisa is also the founder of Bayview Impact Advisors, which was created in 2018 to provide education, research, and strategy services to family foundations and endowments on impact investing.

Lisa was previously Managing Director at Anthos Asset Management, headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands where she launched a new, proprietary impact investing initiative for Anthos, a large European family office. Lisa also served as CEO and President of Calvert Foundation from 2010 to 2013, following her tenure as head of the investment portfolio from 2005 to 2010. Lisa served in the Clinton Administration in 1999 as a policy advisory at the National Economic Council where she worked on the creation of the New Markets Investment Tax Credit.

Lisa currently serves on the boards of City First Bank, in Washington, DC and Habitat for Humanity International. She also serves on the Investment Committee of the Nathan Cummings Foundation and is a member of the Board of Overseers for the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. She is a graduate of Leadership Greater Washington class of 2008 and participated in the Marshall Memorial Fellowship in 2003. Lisa earned an MBA from Harvard Business School and a BS in Economics from the Wharton School at University of Pennsylvania.

Lisa frequently presents at industry conferences on the topics of impact investing and philanthropy. Her contributions were instrumental to the development of Great Expectations published by the Wharton Social Impact Initiative and she co-led the creation of a guide on impact management entitled More than Measurement published in collaboration with Bridges Impact+. She is active on Twitter@lisagreenhall and was named one of the top 50 impact investing influencers to follow by Case Foundation in 2016.

Lyneir Richardson

Lyneir Richardson is Chief Executive Officer of Chicago TREND, a social enterprise aiming to catalyze retail development to strengthen commercial corridors in urban neighborhoods. The startup received $7 million of seed capital to launch operations and is actively investing in real estate projects.
He is also a Professional Practice Instructor in the Department of Management and Global Business at Rutgers Business School. He leads the Center for Urban Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, an award-winning research and practitioner-oriented center that builds the capacity of small business owners.
Lyneir served as Chief Executive Officer of the primary economic development corporation in Newark, NJ. Previously, he was Vice President of Urban Development at General Growth Properties, Inc., where he led the national initiative to bring quality shopping centers to cities.
He founded a company and was named a U.S. Small Business Administration "Young Entrepreneur of the Year." Lyneir started his career as a corporate attorney at the First National Bank of Chicago.
He graduated from Bradley University and the University of Chicago Law School. Lyneir is a member of the Urban Land Institute, International Council of Shopping Centers and International Economic Development Council.

Mary Beth Gallagher

Mary Beth Gallagher is the Executive Director of the Tri-State Coalition for Responsible Investment (Tri-State CRI), a group of 40 Catholic institutional investors engaged in impact investing and active ownership of their portfolios. In this role, Mary Beth guides members to align their investments with their mission, participate in shareholder engagement through dialogue with corporate executives and shareholder resolutions, and conduct mission-aligned proxy voting. She represents Tri-State CRI to the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility and is the SRI Consultant for the American Baptist Home Mission Society.
Mary Beth is an attorney who brings a human rights-based approach to shareholder engagement and advocacy strategies. She integrates community and stakeholder perspectives into investor engagements, connecting corporate responsibilities to long-term shareholder value. She engages with corporations on various Environmental, Social, and Governance issues related to human rights in global supply chains, climate change, water stewardship, sustainable agriculture, and responsible financial practices.
Mary Beth joined the Tri-State Coalition for Responsible Investment in 2013 and had previously worked in environmental and human rights advocacy and international development. Mary Beth’s passion for this work began when she served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Benin, West Africa. Mary Beth received a B.S. in Environmental Science from Boston College and a J.D. from American University Washington College of Law.

Matt Moscardi currently serves as a Head of Sector Research and Head of the Financial Sector for MSCI ESG Research. He leads a team of five analysts across Europe and Asia working on thematic sector research and signals, as well as a team of four financial sector analysts covering financial sector ESG ratings globally. Prior to that, Matt worked directly on ESG ratings in the financial sector and served as Chair of the ESG Editorial Board.

Prior to joining MSCI, Matt developed low-carbon investment programs and engaged directly with US pension funds and asset managers managing over USD 10 trillion in assets as a Manager at Ceres, a Boston-based non-profit. Matt also founded a hedge fund with a sustainability and resource scarcity theme, managing less the USD 1 million, before joining Ceres. He is a graduate of Brown University with a concentration in Computers and Music.

Meredith Finn is a Vice President for Salesforce focused on leading impact investments in companies that complement Salesforce’s ecosystem. Meredith has led over 40 strategic investments on behalf of Salesforce including Ellevest, Andela, Twilio, Anaplan, Optimizely, Pendo, and Cogito. Before joining Salesforce Ventures, Meredith worked in finance at Twitter and Google, and as a technology and media investment banker at Evercore Partners and Citigroup. Her experience includes venture investing, buy-side and sell-side M&A, LBO, IPO, and strategic corporate finance and advisory roles. Meredith has an AB in Economics from Harvard University and an MBA with Honors from Columbia Business School.

Michael J. Lear is a Vice President and Financial Advisor with Bernstein Private Wealth Management. He is located in Bernstein’s global headquarters in New York. Michael advises individuals and institutions regarding a wide range of financial planning and investment matters, tailoring comprehensive strategies uniquely suited to each client’s individual resources, tax situation, risk tolerance and estate planning goals. Prior to joining the firm in 2017, he was a portfolio manager with Athena Capital Advisors, where he was head of their New York office and worked on all aspects of managing client portfolios focusing on asset allocation, manager selection, implementation and aligning client portfolios with their values. While at Athena, Michael spent much of his time on impact/ESG matters, serving on numerous panels for Big Path Capital among others; he also served as part-time editor for Smarter Money. Michael represented the firm in the media with appearances on CNBC and Reuters TV, and he has been cited in The New York Times, and other media outlets. Prior to Athena he was a portfolio advisor with MetLife in their Investment Strategies Group where he guided the regional and national institutional sales teams in the promotion and marketing of MetLife’s corporate benefit funding products. Earlier, he was a portfolio manager with Carruth Capital, where he oversaw the financial planning and portfolio of a single-family office. Michael earned a BS in marketing from Boston College and a Master’s in investment management from Boston University. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) professional, a Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA), and a Certified Investment Management Analyst® (CIMA®).

Monika Mantilla

Monika has dedicated the last 20 years of her life to her passion: providing capital and expanding opportunity for promising entrepreneurs, all which can bring significant returns to investors and economic development impact. Altura Capital is an investment management firm that provides institutional investors the opportunity to invest with high-performing small and diverse investment firms and businesses.
Altura is the creator of the Altura Emerging Manager Information Platform, through which investors can access data of more than 2,000 emerging money managers. Small Business Community Capital (SBCC) is an SBIC Impact fund licensed by the SBA that provides debt and equity capital to small and mid-sized companies, focusing on women and minority owned firms and entrepreneurs located in LMI communities. SBCC is playing a pivotal role in developing an ecosystem of entrepreneurs, investors, advisors and corporations working together to harness opportunities in the growing Hispanic and MWBE markets.
Monika and the firms she leads have won numerous awards and recognitions for their work on building financial capacity in minority and underserved communities. In multiple years, Latino Leaders Magazine has recognized her as one of the 101 Most Influential Leaders in Hispanic U.S.A. and one of the Top 15 Latinos in Finance.
She sits in the Board of Directors of 2 private companies: Cidrines, a bread manufacturer in Puerto Rico serving the national market, and Coastal Painting Company, a single-source solution for painting and maintenance services that protect and beautify homes, businesses, and communities in Florida.
In 2011, Monika was appointed by the U.S. Sec. of Commerce as a member of the International Trade Advisory Center, ITAC. She sits on the Board of the Latino Business Action Network, which delivers the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative, and she is in the Board of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, where she chairs the Capital Committee. In addition, Monika is on the Board of the Hispanic Heritage Foundation and serves on the Capital Advisory
Board of the Billion Dollar Roundtable.
Monika holds an MBA from Columbia Business School in New York, and a J.D. from the Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia. Reach her at mmantilla@sbccfund.com, or on Twitter at @alturacap

Professor Olav Sorenson's research interests include economic geography, economic sociology, entrepreneurship, organizational ecology, the sociology and management of science and technology, and business and corporate strategy. His most extensive line of research examines how social networks affect transactions, thereby shaping the geography and evolution of industries. Although Professor Sorenson has investigated these issues in a wide variety of settings, including banking, biotechnology, and footwear manufacturing, he has most extensively studied the entertainment industries and venture capital.

Prior to joining the Yale School of Management, Professor Sorenson held the Jeffrey S. Skoll Chair in Technical Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. He has also taught at the University of Chicago, UCLA, and London Business School.

Paarul Dudeja is a Director with Accion Venture Lab, leading the team’s deal activity and portfolio engagement in India and Asia.
Most recently, Paarul co-founded a healthcare education enterprise in India focused on addressing the need for technically skilled healthcare professionals. Previously, she was an Investment Officer at the International Finance Corporation, investing in financial institutions to enable sustainable growth and address development challenges. Paarul has invested across the capital spectrum as an investment professional at Vinik Asset Management, a long/short hedge fund. She began her career as an investment banking analyst with Lehman Brothers and corporate valuation associate at S&P.
Paarul has a bachelor of arts in Computational Finance and Economics from Franklin and Marshall College and an MBA from the Harvard Business School.

Patricia Smith joined Reinvestment Fund in 2005 and is responsible for developing and communicating Reinvestment Fund’s position on policy issues to a wide range of stakeholders. Ms. Smith leads Reinvestment Fund’s efforts in the national Healthy Food Financing Initiative. In this capacity, she works with a range of partners on food access and is a well-regarded resource to the public sector and other food access programs across the U.S. Prior to Reinvestment Fund, Ms. Smith directed the City of Philadelphia’s Neighborhood Transformation Initiative (NTI), a $295 million redevelopment bond program she designed to address decades of urban blight and stimulate new investment in Philadelphia neighborhoods. During her career, Ms. Smith has held leadership positions in the foundation, government and nonprofit sectors. She is a contributor to “Growing Greener Cities: Urban Sustainability in the Twenty-first Century”. In 2006, Ms. Smith appeared in the PBS documentary, “Edens Lost and Found: How Ordinary Citizens Are Restoring Our Great American Cities”, which examined the unique environmental, economic and social issues of four very different American cities. Ms. Smith currently serves on the board of directors of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Ms. Smith is a 2002 Fannie Mae Foundation Fellow. She holds a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College and J.D. from George Washington University Law Center.

Sir Ronald Cohen

Sir Ronald Cohen is Chairman of the Global Steering Group for Impact Investment and The Portland Trust. He is a co-founder director of Social Finance UK (2007–11), Social Finance USA, and Social Finance Israel, and co-founder Chair of Bridges Fund Management and Big Society Capital. He was co-founder Chair of Bridges Ventures (2002–2012). For nearly two decades, Sir Ronald’s pioneering leadership in driving impact investment has catalyzed a number of global initiatives into being, each focused on driving private capital to serve social and environmental good. These efforts are leading the global impact investment movement, toward an Impact Revolution. In 2012, he received the Rockefeller Foundation’s Innovation Award for innovation in social finance. He chaired the Social Impact Investment Taskforce established under the UK’s presidency of the G8 (2013–2015), the Social Investment Task Force (2000–2010) and the Commission on Unclaimed Assets (2005–2007). In 2012 he received the Rockefeller Foundation’s Innovation Award for innovation in social finance. He co-founded and was Executive Chairman of Apax Partners Worldwide LLP (1972–2005). He was a founder director and Chairman of the British Venture Capital Association and a founder director of the European Venture Capital Association. He is a graduate of Oxford University, where he was President of the Oxford Union. He is an Honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. He has an MBA from Harvard Business School to which he was awarded a Henry Fellowship. He is a member of the Board of Dean’s Advisors at Harvard Business School and a Vice-Chairman of Ben Gurion University; a former director of the Harvard Management Company and the University of Oxford Investment Committee; a former member of the Harvard University Board of Overseers (2007–2013), former Trustee of the British Museum (2005–2012) and former trustee of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (2005–2011). In 2007, Sir Ronald published: The Second Bounce of the Ball – Turning Risk into Opportunity. Today, Sir Ronald lives in Tel Aviv, London, and New York with his wife of more than thirty years, Sharon Harel-Cohen, who is a film producer. His children, Tamara and Jonny, are involved in the impact field in the UK, the US, and Israel.

Roy Swan leads the foundation’s Mission Investments team, managing Ford’s portfolio of mission-related investments (MRIs) and program-related investments (PRIs), and working to expand and strengthen the impact investing field. Before joining Ford, Roy served as managing director and co-head of Global Sustainable Finance at Morgan Stanley. During his time at Morgan Stanley, Global Sustainable Finance committed over $13 billion in community development transactions. Among his prior experiences, he was the founding chief investment officer of New York City’s Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UMEZ), a federal initiative to bring new resources to distressed urban communities which played a key role in Harlem’s economic rebirth. He also served as CFO at Carver Bancorp, a Harlem-based publicly traded financial institution and the nation’s largest African American managed bank. Over the course of his career, Roy has worked in corporate law at Skadden Arps, investment banking at The First Boston Corporation, Salomon Brothers, and JPMorgan, and finance at Time Warner. Roy serves on several nonprofit boards, including the Dalton School, Enterprise Community Partners, Low Income Investment Fund, and the Partnership for After School Education. He also serves on the advisory boards of several private equity funds. Roy received a bachelor’s degree from Princeton University and a JD from Stanford Law School, where he was an editor of the Stanford Law Review.

Since 2001, Steven Godeke has worked with his clients to source, structure and execute impact investment strategies across a range of sectors and to connect them to the best partners and resources. He leads independent searches for impact investing advisors and works with investment managers and funds to deepen the environmental and social impact of their offerings. His clients have included the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Robin Hood, Voqal, F.B. Heron Foundation, K.L. Felicitas Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, The Conference Board, The World Economic Forum and investment management firms such as Domini Social Investment, Deutsche Bank, Thornburg Investment Management and the National Community Investment Fund.
Steven has led in the education of the next generation of impact investors. He is an adjunct professor of finance at New York University’s Stern School of Business where he teaches Investing for Environmental and Social Impact and at the Center for Global Affairs. Steven has also been at the forefront of knowledge building for the impact investing industry through several groundbreaking publications. He is the author of Building A Healthy and Sustainable Social Impact Bond Market: The Investor Landscape (2012); Solutions for Impact Investors: From Strategy to Implementation (2009) and Philanthropy’s New Passing Gear: Mission-Related Investing, A Policy and Implementation Guide for Foundation Trustees (2008).
Prior to establishing his own firm, Steven worked for twelve years in corporate and project finance with Deutsche Bank where he structured debt and equity products and advised corporate clients in the natural resources, telecommunications, media and real estate industries.
Steven is Board Chair and a member of the Finance Committee of the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, a private foundation with a long history of integrating its investments and social justice mission. Steven is also on the board of the Jackson Square Alliance and is a Core Team Member of the West Village CSA. Steven grew up on a family farm in Southern Indiana and attended Purdue University where he received a B.S. in Management and a B.A. in German. He studied as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Cologne and earned an M.P.A. from Harvard University.
He lives in New York City with his partner Ted Trussell Porter, an architect.

Teresa C. Barger is a Co-Founder and CEO of Cartica.
Ms. Barger spent 21 years at the International Finance Corporation investing in emerging markets companies in nearly all regions of the world. Almost all of her investments were in equity with a few debt investments. At IFC, among other positions, she was Division Manager for Africa, Deputy Director of Credit/Investment Review, and Director of Private Equity and Investment Funds. In that post she created the first index for EM private equity and co-founded the Emerging Markets Private Equity Association (EMPEA). Ms. Barger also developed the first two corporate governance funds in the Emerging Markets, for Korea and Brazil. She was subsequently Director of Corporate Governance and Securities Market Development. In this position she was responsible for the governance aspects of IFC investments and using governance as a value addition strategy. She also created the innovative Gemloc bond fund, index, and market development program for local currency bonds.
Before joining IFC, Ms. Barger was with McKinsey & Company. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and serves on the boards of EMPEA, American University in Cairo, and Gazelle Finance (an SME fund for Eurasia). She also serves on the Advisory Councils for the Pacific Pension and Investment Institute and the Global Corporate Governance Forum.
Ms. Barger received her AB magna cum laude from Harvard College and her MBA from the Yale School of Management. She did post-graduate work at the American University in Cairo. She speaks Arabic and French.

Dr. Todd Cort works at the intersection of corporate responsibility and sustainable finance. His objective is to reduce the barriers to moving capital (either corporate or investor) to more sustainable investments. In this space, Dr. Cort is working on:

1) Metrics and standards for measuring the environmental impacts of fixed income investment products such as green bonds
2) Metrics and the underlying data for environmental, social and governance (ESG) that demonstrably drive corporate growth and improvement in equity value
3) Metrics for underwriting more sustainable insurance products – particularly around the means to measure effective climate adaptation

In addition to these specific research areas, Dr. Cort educates and collaborates with investors and fund managers to effectively integrate sustainability into investment strategies. These integrated investment strategies range from fixed income focused funds to venture capital strategies.

William N. Goetzmann

William N. Goetzmann is the Edwin J. Beinecke Professor of Finance and Management Studies and Director of the International Center for Finance at the Yale School of Management. He is an expert on a diverse range of investments. His past work includes studies of stock market predictability, hedge funds and survival biases in performance measurement. His current research focuses on alternative investing, factor investing, behavioral finance and the art market.

Professor Goetzmann has written and co-authored a number of books, including Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis (Wiley, 2014), The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets (Oxford, 2005), The Great Mirror of Folly: Finance, Culture and the Crash of 1720 (Yale, 2013) and most recently, Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible (Princeton, 2016). He teaches portfolio management, alternative investments, real estate and financial history at the Yale School of Management.